Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study is to report the long-term outcome of a phase II trial of immune-modulatory in situ gene therapy (GT) in combination with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without hormonal therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Methods
GT was comprised of intraprostatic injection of adenoviral vector containing herpes simplex thymidine kinase (ADV/HSV-tk) followed by valacyclovir. A mean dose of 76 Gy was delivered to the prostate with IMRT. Low-risk patients (arm A; T1–T2a, Gleason score <7, pretreatment PSA <10) were treated with two injections of ADV/HSV-tk, each followed by valacyclovir, and IMRT. Intermediate/high-risk patients (arm B; T2b–T3, Gleason score ≥7, pretreatment PSA ≥10) were treated with three injections of ADV/HSV-tk, each followed by valacyclovir, IMRT, and hormonal therapy.
Results
Sixty-six patients (33 patients in each arm) were enrolled. The median follow-up was 100 months. Five-year freedom from failure (FFF) rates were 94 and 91 % for arms A and B, respectively. Five-year overall survival (OS) rates were 97 and 94 % for arms A and B. Negative biopsy rates at 24 months were 83 and 79 % for arms A and B. One patient in arm B developed grade 3 elevation in liver enzyme. There was no grade 3 or higher hematologic toxicity. One patient had grade 3 genitourinary toxicity. There was no grade 3 or higher lower gastrointestinal toxicity.
Conclusion
The combination of immunomodulatory in situ gene therapy and IMRT with or without hormonal therapy is feasible, safe, and effective in the treatment of prostate cancer. The effectiveness of this combined approach was likely through enhanced cytotoxicity, antitumor immune response, and abscopal effects. This approach with long term follow up appears to provide better clinical outcome over historical controls. A randomized trial of this strategy is currently ongoing.
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