Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome and only 3% of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) patients have LEMS. Moreover, the recurrence of SCLC after a disease-free survival (DFS) of...
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Cancer Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
Σάββατο 2 Ιουλίου 2016
Relapse of both small cell lung cancer and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome after a 13-year disease-free survival period
MicroRNA-506 is up-regulated in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and is associated with attenuated disease progression
MicroRNA-506 (miR-506) has been reported to function in several tumors as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. However, the expression and role of miR-506 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unc...
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Association of green tea consumption with mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer in a Chinese cohort of 165,000 adult men
Abstract
Tea is the most ancient and popular beverage in the world, and its beneficial health effects has attracted tremendous attention worldwide. However, the prospective evidence relating green tea consumption to total and cause-specific mortality is still limited and inconclusive. We recruited 164,681 male participants free of pre-existing disease during 1990–1991, with green tea consumption and other covariates assessed by the standardized questionnaire and mortality follow up continued until 2006 (mean 11 years; total person-years: 1,961,791). Cox regression analyses were used to quantify the associations of green tea consumption with all-cause (n = 32,700), CVD (n = 11,839) and cancer (n = 7002) mortality, adjusting simultaneously for potential confounders. At baseline, 18 % reported regular consumption of green tea. Compared with non-green tea drinkers, regular drinkers had significantly lower all-cause mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) being 0.94 (95 % CI 0.89, 0.99) for ≤5 g/day, 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) for 5–10 g/day and 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) for >10 g/day. For CVD mortality, the corresponding HRs were 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) and 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), respectively, while for cancer they were 0.86 (0.78, 0.98), 0.92 (0.83, 1.00) and 0.79 (0.71, 0.88), respectively. The patterns of these associations varied by smoking, alcohol drinking and locality. This large prospective study shows that regular green tea consumption is associated with significantly reduced risk of death from all-cause, CVD and cancer among Chinese adults.
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The Impact of Marketing and Advertising on Food Behaviours: Evaluating the Evidence for a Causal Relationship
Abstract
The prevention of overweight in childhood is paramount to long-term heart health. Food marketing predominately promotes unhealthy products which, if over-consumed, will lead to overweight. International health expert calls for further restriction of children's exposure to food marketing remain relatively unheeded, with a lack of evidence showing a causal link between food marketing and children's dietary behaviours and obesity an oft-cited reason for this policy inertia. This direct link is difficult to measure and quantify with a multiplicity of determinants contributing to dietary intake and the development of overweight. The Bradford Hill Criteria provide a credible framework by which epidemiological studies may be examined to consider whether a causal interpretation of an observed association is valid. This paper draws upon current evidence that examines the relationship between food marketing, across a range of different media, and children's food behaviours, and appraises these studies against Bradford Hill's causality framework.
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Determinants of cancer screening in Asian-Americans
Abstract
Purpose
Recent data suggest that Asian-Americans (AsAs) are more likely to present with advanced disease when diagnosed with cancer. We sought to determine whether AsAs are under-utilizing recommended cancer screening.
Methods
Cross-sectional analysis of the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System comprising of AsAs and non-Hispanic White (NHW) community-dwelling individuals (English and Spanish speaking) eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, or prostate cancer screening according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Age, education and income level, residence location, marital status, health insurance, regular access to healthcare provider, and screening were extracted. Complex samples logistic regression models quantified the effect of race on odds of undergoing appropriate screening. Data were analyzed in 2015.
Results
Weighted samples of 63.3, 33.3, 47.9, and 30.3 million individuals eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer screening identified, respectively. In general, AsAs were more educated, more often married, had higher levels of income, and lived in urban/suburban residencies as compared to NHWs (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, AsAs had lower odds of undergoing colorectal (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.63–0.96), cervical (OR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.36–0.55), and prostate cancer (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.39–0.78) screening and similar odds of undergoing breast cancer (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 0.92–1.82) screening as compared to NHWs.
Conclusions
AsAs are less likely to undergo appropriate screening for colorectal, cervical, and prostate cancer. Contributing reasons include limitations in healthcare access, differing cultural beliefs on cancer screening and treatment, and potential physician biases. Interventions such as increasing healthcare access and literacy may improve screening rates.
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Association of concurrent acid-suppression therapy with survival outcomes and adverse event incidence in oncology patients receiving erlotinib
Abstract
Purpose
Acid-suppression therapy is known to decrease the systemic exposure of erlotinib. The erlotinib prescribing information recommends staggering dosing with a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and avoiding concurrent use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). This retrospective analysis evaluated the frequency of concurrent acid-suppression therapy in oncology patients receiving erlotinib and its association with outcomes.
Methods
All patients prescribed erlotinib within UC San Diego Health System between February 26, 2011, and February 28, 2014, were assessed for eligibility, survival outcomes and adverse events.
Results
Of the 76 patients in the analysis, 24 were prescribed both a PPI and an H2RA with erlotinib therapy (31.6 %). The two patient groups, with (n = 24) and without PPI/H2RA (n = 52), were similar in clinical characteristics and erlotinib dose. One patient received an H2RA therapy alone and was excluded from the analysis; no one received PPI therapy alone. Patients receiving erlotinib alone had a longer median progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with concurrent PPI/H2RA therapy (11.0 months vs. 5.3 months; P = 0.029). Overall survival (OS) and incidence of rash and/or diarrhea did not correlate with use of acid-suppression therapy.
Conclusion
Nearly one-third of patients received acid-suppression therapy. Patients treated with erlotinib and PPI/H2RA therapy had shorter PFS, but similar OS and adverse event profile compared to those who did not receive acid-suppression.
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MicroRNA-506 is up-regulated in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and is associated with attenuated disease progression
Abstract
Background
MicroRNA-506 (miR-506) has been reported to function in several tumors as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. However, the expression and role of miR-506 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the phenotype of miR-506 in PDAC.
Methods
Using miRNA in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of miR-506 in 113 PDACs and 87 paired normal pancreatic tissues. We evaluated miR-506 expression in PDAC cells, normal pancreatic ducts, and acinus/islands, and we analyzed the associations between miR-506 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of PDAC patients.
Results
miR-506 expression was higher in PDAC than in matched normal pancreatic ductal cells (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the combined group of well and moderately differentiated PDACs showed higher levels of miR-506 than the poorly differentiated ones (P = 0.023). Moreover, miR-506 expression was negatively associated with pathologic T category (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.033), suggesting that miR-506 might inhibit the progression of PDAC.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that miR-506 either plays a role as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis and a tumor suppressor in the progression or serves as a house-keeping, tumor-suppressing miRNA, whose expression can be activated by oncogenic signals in early development to hinder the progression of PDAC.
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Relapse of both small cell lung cancer and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome after a 13-year disease-free survival period
Abstract
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome and only 3% of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) patients have LEMS. Moreover, the recurrence of SCLC after a disease-free survival (DFS) of more than 10 years is rare. We report a patient who had a recurrence of both SCLC and LEMS after a 13-year DFS period. A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with LEMS and SCLC (cT0N2M0, stage IIIA) 13 years ago. Chemoradiotherapy was performed and a complete response was achieved. With anticancer treatment, the LEMS symptoms was alleviated. At the age of 82 years, gait disturbance appeared followed by left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and further examination revealed the recurrence of SCLC. Careful screening for the recurrence of SCLC might be needed when the patient has recurrent or secondary paraneoplastic neurological syndrome even after a long DFS period.
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Oncological Patient Anxiety in Imaging Studies: the PET/CT Example
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjective perception of anxiety pre- and post-procedure, and explore the relationship between demographic, clinical variables and cancer patients' anxiety during a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan. Two hundred and thirty-two oncological out patients, with clinical indication for performing an 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scan and attending a nuclear medicine (NM) department, participated in the study. Patients' anxiety and subjective experience of PET/CT were examined using two self-report questionnaires. The pre-procedure questionnaire focused on demographic information, level of knowledge regarding the scan and subjective perception of anxiety before the procedure. The post-procedure questionnaire included the subjective perception anxiety after the procedure, information adequacy and satisfaction with the NM department. The self-reported data indicate that patients were anxious during PET/CT. Furthermore, our data revealed a significant difference between the anxiety pre-procedure and post-procedure (z = −3909, p < 0.05), in which the anxiety pre-procedure has significantly higher values. No significant correlation was found between anxiety and age of the patients, education levels, adequacy of information or satisfaction with the NM Department. Perception of anxiety post-procedure differs between gender (U = 5641, p = 0.033). In conclusion, PET/CT generated anxiety levels in oncological patients, especially before the procedure. Although patients seemed to be satisfied with information delivered by staff and with the NM Department, attention has to be focused on effective interventions strategies that help patients to reduce anxiety.
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Prognostic significance of p53 expression in patients with esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Background
The prognostic value of p53 protein expression in esophageal cancer has been evaluated, but the results remain inconclusive and no consensus has yet been achieved. This meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the prognostic significance of p53 expression in esophageal cancer.
Methods
Publications that assessed the clinical or prognostic significance of p53 expression in esophageal cancer and were published before July 1, 2015 were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between p53 expression and the clinical outcomes.
Results
A total of 36 publications met the criteria and included 4577 cases. Analysis of these data showed that p53 expression in esophageal cancer was significantly associated with poorer 5-year survival (RR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.11–1.51, P = 0.0008). Subgroup analyses according to histological type, continent of the patients, and cut-off value revealed the similar results. The results also indicated that p53 expression was highly associated with advanced TNM stages (I/II vs. III/IV, OR = 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.55–0.99, P = 0.04), lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.77, 95 % CI: 0.66–0.90, P = 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR = 0.46, 95 % CI: 0.26–0.80, P = 0.006). However, p53 expression in the included studies was not significantly associated with tumor size (≤ 5 cm vs. > 5 cm, OR = 1.13, 95 % CI: 0.92–1.40, P = 0.24), tumor location (upper + middle vs. lower, OR = 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.70–1.17, P = 0.45), grade of differentiation (well + moderate vs. poor, OR = 1.10, 95 % CI: 0.90–1.34, P = 0.35), and the depth of invasion (T1/T2 vs. T3/T4, OR = 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.71–1.03, P = 0.09).
Conclusions
This meta-analysis showed that p53 expression may be a useful biomarker for predicting poorer prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer.
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Debate: adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy or not? More data is the wiser choice
Abstract
Every year 170,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (BMs) in the United States. Traditionally, adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy (AWBRT) has been offered following local therapy with neurosurgery (NSx) and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to BMs. The aim is to increase intracranial control, thereby decreasing symptoms from intracranial progression and a neurological death. There is a rapidly evolving change in the radiation treatment of BMs happening around the world. AWBRT is now being passed over in favour of repeat scanning at regular intervals and more local therapies as more BMs appear radiologically, BMs that may never become symptomatic. This change has happened after the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) in Item 5 of its "Choosing Wisely 2014" list recommended: "Don't routinely add adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy to SRS for limited brain metastases". The guidelines are supposed to be based on the highest evidence to hand at the time. This article debates that the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to this recommendation consistently showed AWBRT significantly increases intracranial control, and avoids a neurological death, what it is meant to do. It also points out that, despite the enormity of the problem, only 774 patients in total had been randomised over more than three decades. These trials were heterogeneous in many respects. This data can, at best, be regarded as preliminary. In particular, there are no single histology AWBRT trials yet completed. A phase two trial investigating hippocampal avoiding AWBRT (HAWBRT) showed significantly less NCF decline compared to historical controls. We now need more randomised data to confirm the benefit of adjuvant HAWBRT. However, the ASTRO Guideline has particularly impacted accrual to trials investigating this, especially the international ANZMTG 01.07 WBRTMel trial. This is an RCT investigating AWBRT following local treatment in patients with one to three BMs from melanoma. WBRTMel has accrued 196 of a required 220 to date but accrual has slowed. HAWBRT may now never be tested in a randomised setting. Encouraging more data in AWBRT is the wiser choice.
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Clinical parameters for predicting radiation-induced liver disease after intrahepatic reirradiation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract
Background
Few data are available on the tolerance of reirradiation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study determined the clinical parameters contributing to the development of radiation-induced liver disease (RILD).
Methods
We included 36 patients with HCC who received 2 courses of radiotherapy (RT) to the liver. Using α/β = 15 for tumor and α/β =8 for normal liver tissue for biologically equivalent doses in 2 Gy fractions, mean cumulative to the hepatic tumor and normal liver were 87.7 Gy15 and 31.1 Gy8, respectively. Hepatic toxicities were classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 4.0. Clinical data, including liver function test results, radiological study findings, and RT parameters before and after both courses of RT were retrieved for analysis. Using multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of RILD, and Cox regression was performed to explore the prognostic factors for overall survival (OS).
Results
Thirteen patients (36 %) developed RILD after reirradiation. Nine of them died because of progressive liver failure without evidence of tumor progression and were categorized to have lethal RILD. A pretreatment Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) score ≥6 was the only predictor of RILD [odds ratio (OR): 15.83, p = 0.001] and lethal RILD [OR: 72.56, p = 0.005]. In addition, a CTP score ≥6 and the presence of portal vein tumor thrombosis before reirradiation were 2 prognostic factors for OS.
Conclusion
Despite a limited sample size, residual liver function using a preirradiation CTP score ≥6 is a clinical parameter associated with an increased risk of RILD in patients requiring hepatic reirradiation.
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Association of concurrent acid-suppression therapy with survival outcomes and adverse event incidence in oncology patients receiving erlotinib
Abstract
Purpose
Acid-suppression therapy is known to decrease the systemic exposure of erlotinib. The erlotinib prescribing information recommends staggering dosing with a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and avoiding concurrent use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). This retrospective analysis evaluated the frequency of concurrent acid-suppression therapy in oncology patients receiving erlotinib and its association with outcomes.
Methods
All patients prescribed erlotinib within UC San Diego Health System between February 26, 2011, and February 28, 2014, were assessed for eligibility, survival outcomes and adverse events.
Results
Of the 76 patients in the analysis, 24 were prescribed both a PPI and an H2RA with erlotinib therapy (31.6 %). The two patient groups, with (n = 24) and without PPI/H2RA (n = 52), were similar in clinical characteristics and erlotinib dose. One patient received an H2RA therapy alone and was excluded from the analysis; no one received PPI therapy alone. Patients receiving erlotinib alone had a longer median progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with concurrent PPI/H2RA therapy (11.0 months vs. 5.3 months; P = 0.029). Overall survival (OS) and incidence of rash and/or diarrhea did not correlate with use of acid-suppression therapy.
Conclusion
Nearly one-third of patients received acid-suppression therapy. Patients treated with erlotinib and PPI/H2RA therapy had shorter PFS, but similar OS and adverse event profile compared to those who did not receive acid-suppression.
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Oncological Patient Anxiety in Imaging Studies: the PET/CT Example
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjective perception of anxiety pre- and post-procedure, and explore the relationship between demographic, clinical variables and cancer patients' anxiety during a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan. Two hundred and thirty-two oncological out patients, with clinical indication for performing an 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scan and attending a nuclear medicine (NM) department, participated in the study. Patients' anxiety and subjective experience of PET/CT were examined using two self-report questionnaires. The pre-procedure questionnaire focused on demographic information, level of knowledge regarding the scan and subjective perception of anxiety before the procedure. The post-procedure questionnaire included the subjective perception anxiety after the procedure, information adequacy and satisfaction with the NM department. The self-reported data indicate that patients were anxious during PET/CT. Furthermore, our data revealed a significant difference between the anxiety pre-procedure and post-procedure (z = −3909, p < 0.05), in which the anxiety pre-procedure has significantly higher values. No significant correlation was found between anxiety and age of the patients, education levels, adequacy of information or satisfaction with the NM Department. Perception of anxiety post-procedure differs between gender (U = 5641, p = 0.033). In conclusion, PET/CT generated anxiety levels in oncological patients, especially before the procedure. Although patients seemed to be satisfied with information delivered by staff and with the NM Department, attention has to be focused on effective interventions strategies that help patients to reduce anxiety.
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Systematic review of the use of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced melanoma
Abstract
Several immunomodulatory checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, including ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Talimogene laherparepvec is the first oncolytic virus to gain regulatory approval in the USA; it is also approved in Europe. Talimogene laherparepvec expresses granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and with other GM-CSF-expressing oncolytic viruses in development, understanding the clinical relevance of this cytokine in treating advanced melanoma is important. Results of trials of GM-CSF in melanoma have been mixed, and while GM-CSF has the potential to promote anti-tumor responses, some preclinical data suggest that GM-CSF may sometimes promote tumor growth. GM-CSF has not been approved as a melanoma treatment. We undertook a systematic literature review of studies of GM-CSF in patients with advanced melanoma (stage IIIB–IV). Of the 503 articles identified, 26 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies investigated the use of GM-CSF in combination with another treatment, such as peptide vaccines or chemotherapy, or as an adjuvant to surgery. Some clinical benefit was reported in patients who received GM-CSF as an adjuvant to surgery, or in combination with other treatments. In general, outcomes for patients receiving peptide vaccines were not improved with the addition of GM-CSF. GM-CSF may be a valuable therapeutic adjuvant; however, further studies are needed, particularly head-to-head comparisons, to confirm the optimal dosing regimen and clinical effectiveness in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Cancer treatment-related cardiac toxicity: prevention, assessment and management
Abstract
Cancer therapies, especially anthracyclines and monoclonal antibodies, have been linked with increased rates of cardiotoxicity. The development of some cardiac side effects happens over several months, and changes in ejection fraction can be detected long before permanent damage or disability occurs. Advanced heart failure could be averted with better and earlier detection. Methodologies for early detection of cardiac changes include stress echocardiograms, cardiac velocity measurements, radionuclide imaging, cardiac MRI and several potential biomarkers. Many agents have been described for prophylaxis of cardiac events precipitated by cancer therapy. Prophylactic use of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors may be considered for use with trastuzumab in breast cancer as tolerated. Recovery of cardiac function is possible early after the injury from a cancer therapy. Late complications for coronary artery disease, hypertension and arrhythmia are underappreciated. Treatments for severe cancer therapy-related cardiac complications follow the existing paradigms for congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease, although outcomes for cancer patients differ from outcomes for non-cancer patients.
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Genomic Landscape of poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are aggressive thyroid tumors associated with a high mortality rate of 38–57 % and almost 100 % respectively. Several recent studies utilizing next generation sequencing techniques have shed lights on the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, providing evidence to support a stepwise tumoral progression from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated, and finally to anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. While BRAF V600E and RAS mutations remain the main drivers in aggressive thyroid carcinoma, PDTC and ATC gains additional mutations, e.g., TERT promoter mutation, TP53 mutation, as well as frequent alterations in PIK3CA-PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway, SWI-SNF complex, histomethyltransferases, and mismatch repair genes. RAS-mutated PDTCs are commonly associated with a histologic phenotype defined by Turin proposal, high frequency of distant metastasis, high thyroid differentiation score, and a RAS-like gene expression profile, whereas BRAF-mutated PDTCs are usually defined solely by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) criteria with a propensity for nodal metastasis and are less differentiated with a BRAF-like expression signature. Such demarcation is largely lost in ATC which is characterized by genomic complexity, heavy mutation burden, and profound undifferentiation. Additionally, several molecular events, e.g., EIF1AX mutation, mutation burden, and chromosome 1q gain in PDTCs, as well as EIF1AX mutation, chromosome 13q loss, and 20q gains in ATCs, may serve as adverse prognostic markers predicting poor clinical outcome.
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Association between polymorphisms in genes related to DNA base-excision repair with risk and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Abstract
Purpose
We examined the influence of OGG1 c.977C>G (rs1052133), APEX1 c.444T>G (rs1130409), XRCC1 c.-77T>C (rs3213245), c.580C>T (rs1799782), c.839G>A (rs25489) and c.1196G>A (rs25487) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), involved in base-excision repair (BER) pathway, on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) risk and prognosis.
Methods
Aiming to identify the genotypes, DNA from 200 consecutive OPSCC patients and 200 controls was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. The prognostic impact of genotypes of SNPs on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival of OPSCC patients was examined using the Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression analyses.
Results
XRCC1 c.580CT or TT genotypes (19.5 vs. 11.0 %, P = 0.04) and XRCC1 TTGG haplotype from c.-77T>C, c.580C>T, c.839G>A and c.1196G>A SNPs (17.5 vs. 10.0 %, P = 0.04) were more common in patients with OPSCC than in controls. Carriers of combined genotypes of c.580C>T and TTGG haplotype of XRCC1 gene were under 3.35- and 3.22-fold increased risk of OPSCC than others. For survival analysis, we selected only patients with tumor at stage IV. The median follow-up time was 24.5 months. At 24 months of follow-up, PFS was shorter in patients with OGG1 c.977CC genotype when compared with others genotypes (35.5 vs. 52.1 %, log-rank test, P = 0.03). After multivariate Cox analysis, patients with OGG1 c.977CC genotype had more chance to present tumor progression when compared with others (HR 1.68, P = 0.02).
Conclusions
Our data present, for the first time, evidence that inherited OGG1 c.977C>G; XRCC1 c.-77T>C, c.580C>T, c.839G>A and c.1196G>A abnormalities of DNA BER pathway are important determinants of OPSCC and predictors of patient outcomes.
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Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma with lymph node metastasis: a case report
Abstract
Background
Leiomyosarcomas typically originate in smooth muscle cell. Leiomyosarcoma potentially arising from the adrenal gland is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumors associated with delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis.
Case presentation
A 34-year-old man visited our department complaining of right hypochondriac pain. Computed tomography demonstrated a solid mass measuring 5.2 cm in diameter above the right kidney, corresponding to the right adrenal gland, and a lymph node mass, which appeared to have invaded the IVC wall. Right adrenalectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed. A microscopic examination revealed primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma with lymph node metastasis. No adjuvant therapy was performed, and the patient remains recurrence-free at 10 months postoperatively.
Conclusions
We experienced a very rare case of primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma.
Aggressive surgical resection including vascular reconstruction may be associated with improved survival.
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Combined effects of age and polymorphisms in Notch3 in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction disease
Abstract
Cerebral infarction disease is a severe hypoxic ischemic tissue necrosis in the brain, often leading to long-term functional disability and residual impairments. The Notch signaling pathway plays key roles in proliferation and survival of the stem/progenitor cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Notch3 is an important member of the pathway, but the relationships between the genetic abnormalities and cerebral infarction disease still remain unclear. The aim of this work was to evaluate variations in Notch3 gene for their possible associations with the cerebral infarction disease. We sequenced the Notch3 gene for 260 patients with cerebral infarction disease, 300 normal controls with old ages and 300 normal controls with younger ages, and identified the variations. The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in SPSS (version 19.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was carried out using the online software OEGE. Six variations, including rs1044116, rs1044009, rs1044006, rs10408676, rs1043996 and rs16980398 within or near the Notch3 gene, were found. The genetic heterozygosity of rs1044116, rs1044009, rs1044006, and rs1043996 was very high, whereas that of rs10408676 and rs16980398 was very low. Statistical analyses showed that rs1044009 and rs1044006 were associated with the risk of cerebral infarction disease in the Chinese Han agedness population. The SNPs rs1044009 and rs1044006 in the Notch3 gene were associated with the risk of cerebral infarction diseases in the Chinese Han agedness population.
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Enhanced therapeutic effect of an antiangiogenesis peptide on lung cancer in vivo combined with salmonella VNP20009 carrying a Sox2 shRNA construct
HM-3 is a polypeptide inhibiting angiogenesis. Recent reports suggest that the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitors administered alone might be limited. Cancer stem cells can survive the lack of oxygen ...
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Expression of CCL21 in Ewing sarcoma shows an inverse correlation with metastases and is a candidate target for immunotherapy
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm predominantly occurring in adolescents and has a poor prognosis when metastasized. For patients with metastatic disease in particular, immunotherapy has been proposed as possible beneficial additive therapy. CCL21 activation-based immunotherapy was successful in preclinical studies in other tumor types; therefore, we investigated CCL21 expression in Ewing sarcoma as potential target for immunotherapy. The CCL21 RNA expression was determined in 21 Ewing sarcoma cell lines and 18 primary therapy-naive Ewing sarcoma samples. In the tumor samples, this was correlated with the number and CD4+/CD8+ ratio of infiltrating T cells and clinical parameters. Higher RNA expression levels of CCL21 significantly correlated with a lower CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio (P = 0.009), good chemotherapeutic response (P = 0.01) and improved outcome (P < 0.001). In patients with metastases, CCL21 expression was significantly lower than in patients without (P < 0.0005). CCL21 expression was significantly higher in Ewing sarcoma tissue samples compared to cell lines (P < 0.01), implying the involvement of a stromal factor. Protein expression analysis of CCL21 and its receptor CCR7 in 24 therapy-naïve tumors showed that there was no expression in all bar one Ewing sarcoma cells. In conclusion, CCL21 is expressed in clinical Ewing sarcoma samples by nontumor-infiltrating immune cells. The observed positive correlation with survival implies that CCL21 might be a potential prognostic marker for Ewing sarcoma and marks the potential of CCL21 immunotherapy for use in Ewing sarcoma.
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Enhancing the apoptotic effect of a low dose of paclitaxel on tumor cells in mice by arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran).
Enhancing the apoptotic effect of a low dose of paclitaxel on tumor cells in mice by arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran).
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-11
Authors: Badr El-Din NK, Ali DA, Alaa El-Dein M, Ghoneum M
Abstract
In this study, we examine the ability of arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) to enhance the apoptotic effect of paclitaxel (Taxol) at low concentration [2 mg/kg body weight (BW)] in animals bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells and elucidate its mechanisms of action. On Day 8 following tumor cells inoculation, mice bearing tumors were administered MGN-3 alone (40 mg/kg BW), paclitaxel alone, or MGN-3 plus paclitaxel. On Day 30 post-tumor inoculation, we observed significant suppression of tumor volume (TV) with paclitaxel alone (59%), MGN-3 alone (77%), and MGN-3 plus paclitaxel (88%). Inhibition of tumor growth post-treatment with both agents, as compared with either treatment alone, was associated with a decrease in cell proliferation, a marked increase in the sub-G0/G1 population, an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis of tumor cells, and a significant maximization of the apoptosis index (AI)/proliferation index (PrI) ratio. Histopathological and electron microscopy examination of the combined treatment group showed an increase in the degenerative regions of the solid tumor tissue and abundant apoptotic cells. These data suggest that MGN-3 supplementation enhances tumor cell demise in the presence of a low dose of chemotherapeutic agent via apoptotic mechanism.
PMID: 27367621 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk: A Dose-response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.
Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk: A Dose-response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-10
Authors: Li F, Duan F, Zhao X, Song C, Cui S, Dai L
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clarify and quantify the potential dose-response association between the intake of total red and total processed meat and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Chinese databases (CNKI and Wanfang). The summary relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated. A total of 15 independent studies with 12,735 subjects were identified. Compared with the low-rank intake, the summary RR of NPC was 1.35 (95%CI, 1.21-1.51) for total red meat and 1.46 (95%CI, 1.34-1.64) for total processed meat. For the moderate-rank intake, the summary RR of NPC was 1.54 (95%CI, 1.36-1.79) for total red meat and 1.59 (95%CI, 1.3-1.90) for total processed meat. The summary RR for high-rank intake was 1.71 (95%CI, 1.14-2.55) for total red meat and 2.11 (95%CI, 1.31-3.42) for total processed meat. The combined estimates showed obvious evidence of statistically significant association between total red and total processed meat consumption dose and risk of NPC (Ptrend< 0.01). In conclusion, our data suggest that a high intake of total red or total processed meat is associated with a significantly increased risk of NPC.
PMID: 27367552 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Effect of dietary-resistant starch on inhibition of colonic preneoplasia and Wnt signaling in azoxymethane-induced rodent models.
Effect of dietary-resistant starch on inhibition of colonic preneoplasia and Wnt signaling in azoxymethane-induced rodent models.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-12
Authors: Nelson B, Cray N, Ai Y, Fang Y, Liu P, Whitley EM, Birt D
Abstract
Dietary fiber has been reported to prevent preneoplastic colon lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of resistant starches, novel dietary fibers, on the development of colonic preneoplasia and Wnt signaling in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats and mice fed resistant starches at 55% of the diet after AOM treatment. Another objective was to determine the effect of resistant starches on the development of preneoplasia in rats treated with antibiotics (Ab), administered between AOM treatment and resistant starch feeding. Diets containing resistant starches, high-amylose (HA7), high-amylose-octenyl succinic anhydride (OS-HA7), or high-amylose-stearic acid (SA-HA7) were compared with control cornstarch (CS). The resistant starch content of the diets did not alter the yield of colonic lesions but animals treated with AOM and fed the diet with the highest resistant starch content, SA-HA7 developed the highest average aberrant crypt foci (ACF) per animal. Mice fed the OS-HA7 diet had decreased expression of some upstream Wnt genes in the colonic crypts. This study suggests that further research is needed to determine if resistant starch impacts colon carcinogenesis in rodents.
PMID: 27367460 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Breast Cancer Genetic and Molecular Subtype Impacts Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters.
Breast Cancer Genetic and Molecular Subtype Impacts Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-13
Authors: Chen CH, Fabian C, Hursting S, deGraffenried LA
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have correlated frequent omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid consumption with a lower risk for breast cancer; however, recent prospective studies have been less conclusive. Efforts in the preventive setting have focused on the use of n-3 fatty acids, and the pharmaceutical ethyl esters (EE) of these natural compounds, for high-risk patient populations. Limited understanding of specific mechanisms by which these agents function has hampered identification of the cancer subtype(s) that would gain the greatest therapeutic benefit. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of n-3 EEs in four distinct breast cancer subtypes and explored how they affect not only breast cancer cell survival but also modulate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling pathways. Similar to the high variance in response observed in human studies, we found that the effectiveness of n-3 EEs depends on the molecular characteristics of the MCF-7, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines and is closely associated with the suppression of NF-κB. These data strongly suggest that the use of n-3 fatty acids and their pharmaceutical ether esters in the prevention and therapeutic setting should be guided by specific tumor characteristics.
PMID: 27367296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Are Four Simple Questions Able to Predict Weight Loss in Outpatients With Metastatic Cancer? A Prospective Cohort Study Assessing the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire.
Are Four Simple Questions Able to Predict Weight Loss in Outpatients With Metastatic Cancer? A Prospective Cohort Study Assessing the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-7
Authors: Helfenstein SF, Uster A, Rühlin M, Pless M, Ballmer PE, Imoberdorf R
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Severe weight loss is directly responsible for up to one-fifth of all cancer deaths and has a major impact on quality of life. The simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ) was validated to predict weight loss within 6 mo in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents.
METHODS: We prospectively assessed the SNAQ in 133 palliative cancer outpatients. The SNAQ predictions were validated after 3 and 6 mo with the observed weight change. In addition, the treating oncologists gave their predictions concerning future weight loss according to their clinical judgment.
RESULTS: A significant weight loss of 5% of the original body weight within 6 mo occurred in 20 (24%) of the 133 patients. The SNAQ predicted weight loss with a sensitivity of 0.38 and a specificity of 0.66 (P-value 0.81). The treating oncologists predicted weight loss with a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.7 (P-value 0.002).
CONCLUSION: The SNAQ does not represent a useful tool to predict impending weight loss in palliative cancer outpatients. The predictions of the treating oncologists were more reliable than those from the SNAQ, but remain poor. Better methods to predict weight loss in this patient group are therefore required.
PMID: 27367202 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Natural Polyphenols in Cancer Chemoresistance.
Natural Polyphenols in Cancer Chemoresistance.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-13
Authors: Hussain SA, Sulaiman AA, Balch C, Chauhan H, Alhadidi QM, Tiwari AK
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major impediment to the management of most types of cancer. Both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance are mediated by several cellular and molecular mechanisms, including alternative growth-signaling pathways unaffected by specific therapies, alterations in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia and angiogenesis), and active transport of drugs out of the cell. Epidemiological studies have validated an inverse correlation between the consumption of dietary polyphenols and the risk of cancer, which has been attributed to polyphenol antioxidant capacity and their potential to inhibit activation of procarcinogens, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and inhibition or downregulation of active drug efflux transporters. Moreover, polyphenols can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and modulate immune responses and inflammatory cascades. Augmentation of the efficacy of chemotherapy and prevention of multidrug resistance are other important effects of dietary polyphenols that deserve further research, especially after the discovery of tight "crosstalk" between aberrant growth signaling and metabolic dysfunction in cancer cells. In this review, we cover what is currently known about the role of natural polyphenolic compounds in overcoming cancer drug resistance mediated by diverse primary and secondary resistance mechanisms.
PMID: 27366999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Dietary patterns and risk of esophageal cancer mortality: The Japan collaborative cohort study.
Dietary patterns and risk of esophageal cancer mortality: The Japan collaborative cohort study.
Nutr Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;:1-9
Authors: Okada E, Nakamura K, Ukawa S, Sakata K, Date C, Iso H, Tamakoshi A
Abstract
Several case-control studies have associated dietary patterns with esophageal cancer (EC) risk, but prospective studies are scarce. We investigated dietary pattern and EC mortality risk associations by smoking status. Participants were 26,562 40- to 79-yr-old Japanese men, who enrolled in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study between 1988 and 1990. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for EC mortality in nonsmokers and smokers were estimated using Cox proportional models. During follow-up (1988-2009), 132 participants died of EC. Using a baseline food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis, vegetable, animal, and dairy product food patterns were identified. EC risk decreased significantly with a higher factor score for the dairy product pattern (Ptrend = 0.042) and was more pronounced in smokers [multivariable HR (4th vs. 1st quartiles) = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.30, 1.09; Ptrend = 0.021]. Neither vegetable nor animal food patterns were significant overall; however, EC risk increased with a higher factor score for the animal food pattern in nonsmokers [multivariable HR (4th vs. 1st quartiles) = 6.01, 95% CI: 1.17, 30.88; Ptrend = 0.021], although the small number of events was a limitation. Our findings suggest a dairy product pattern may reduce EC risk in Japanese men, especially smokers.
PMID: 27366932 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Overexpressed targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) serves as a promising prognostic marker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer
10.1080/15384047.2016.1195046<br/>Bo Liang
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Targeting highly expressed extracellular HSP90 in breast cancer stem cells inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo
10.1080/15384047.2016.1195041<br/>Theodora Stivarou
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Intercalated chemotherapy and erlotinib for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations
10.1080/15384047.2016.1195049<br/>Matjaz Zwitter
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Up-regulation of stem cell markers by P21-activated kinase 1 contributes to 5-fluorouracil resistance of colorectal cancer
10.1080/15384047.2016.1195045<br/>Nhi Huynh
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A novel hypoxia-induced miR-147a regulates cell proliferation through a positive feedback loop of stabilizing HIF-1α
10.1080/15384047.2016.1195040<br/>Fan Wang
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Clinical parameters for predicting radiation-induced liver disease after intrahepatic reirradiation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Few data are available on the tolerance of reirradiation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study determined the clinical parameters contributing to the development of radiation-induced live...
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