Novel Concept, Design and Feasibility Test of Hybrid Temporal Bone and Sheep Head Holder

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Novel Concept, Design and Feasibility Test of Hybrid Temporal Bone and Sheep Head Holder Via Otolaryngology Indian Abstract We present a first feasibility and usability assessment of a novel commercial hybrid temporal and sheep head holder. Feasibility tests were conducted on human cadaveric and sheep temporal bone based on common otologic procedures. Overall practicality of using this device for cadaveric temporal bone dissections was evaluated. Beneficial aspects included ease of usage, handling, fixing and stability, inbuilt irrigation system, compartments for instrument placement, ergonomics and overall satisfaction. The novel hybrid Temporal and sheep bone holder bears the potential to provide benefits for cadaveric and sheep bone dissections. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Endoscopic Transnasal Management of Giant Paediatric Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Endoscopic Transnasal Management of Giant Paediatric Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma Via Otolaryngology Indian Abstract The ossifying fibroma is a rare fibro-osseous benign lesion of bone in the head and neck region. The mandible is the most common site reported followed by maxilla and other bones of the skull. A paediatric male presented with protrusion of the right eyeball for one-month duration. Further evaluation by diagnostic nasal endoscopy revealed a smooth mass confined to the superior and middle meatus on the right side. Computed tomography of paranasal sinus showed a large heterogenous bony lesion involving the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus and extending laterally into the orbit and superiorly into anterior skull base. Endoscopic biopsy was suggestive of ossifying fibroma. Transnasal endoscopic excision of the lesion was done and the patient is currently on follow-up. This case is reported for the rarity of presentation and the difficulties in management. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Performance of a Closed Set Picture Identification Test in Tamil for Children with Cochlear Implant

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Performance of a Closed Set Picture Identification Test in Tamil for Children with Cochlear Implant Via Otolaryngology Indian Abstract The study attempted to assess the closed set word identification abilities in children with cochlear implant (CI) with a picture identification test developed in Tamil. The test was validated on typically developing children with normal hearing (NH) to build a reference for comparison. Participants for the study included 205 children with NH between the age range of 3–6 years and 45 children with cochlear implant within the age range of 3–11 years. The picture identification test was developed using bisyllabic words with corresponding pictures in Tamil. Two lists were created with 25 words each and administered to the children with NH and CI. The scores of both the groups were analysed. The results indicated that the mean scores improved as age increased for children in the NH group. Also, there was no significant difference in performance between the two-word lists. Significant difference in scores was noted between the CI and the NH group (p < ; 0.01). However, the mean scores in the CI group increased as the experience with CI increased. The picture identification test in Tamil is deemed appropriate to elicit closed set word identification responses for children with CI between the age of 3–6 years. The test will provide supplemental information for mapping and to plan habilitation for children with CI. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

A longitudinal study of changes of congenital auricular deformity regarding self-correction

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader A longitudinal study of changes of congenital auricular deformity regarding self-correction Via Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Mar 28:S1748-6815(21)00113-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.023. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with congenital auricular deformities and evaluate the long-term frequency of their self-correction. Ninety newborns were enrolled in the study, and data were collected within 2 weeks after birth and at 1 year. The shape of the auricle was classified into seven categories using a digital image. At 2 weeks after birth, several birth-related factors were evaluated in the auricular deformity and normal groups. At 1 year after birth, the images of auricles were compared with the images at birth, and the changes in the auricle shape were investigated. Congenital auricular deformities were observed in 139 out of 180 ears, and the major type noted was helix rim deformity (47 ears), followed by normal ears (41 ears), and cup ears (33 ears). Male sex was found t o have a statistically significant association with the occurrence of auricular deformity. In the longitudinal study, among 43 neonates (86 ears) followed-up 12 months later, the self-correction rate was approximately 50%. The normal auricle and prominent ear increased, helix rim deformity and cup ear decreased significantly. The prognosis of deformity varied depending on the type of deformity. Considering the low self-correction rate in the prominent and cup ears, newborns with these deformities might be recommended to undergo management such as auricle molding technique, as required. PMID:33972198 | DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.023 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

BreastImplantAnalyzer: An easy-to-use, validated tool for calculating breast implant volume from MRI data

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader BreastImplantAnalyzer: An easy-to-use, validated tool for calculating breast implant volume from MRI data Via Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Apr 8:S1748-6815(21)00158-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.068. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Given the prevalence of breast augmentation and prosthetic-based breast reconstruction, it is common for the plastic surgeon to see patients presenting for revisional implant surgery. A frequent issue encountered in such procedures is uncertainty of implant size, which presents numerous challenges and may lead to undesired outcomes for both the patient and the surgeon. There is currently no tool available with the purpose of measuring implant volume from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. In this study, such a program was designed and tested. METHODS: An open-source software was developed that provides volume measurement of a chosen breast implant with minimal interaction from the user, allowing for precision in the planning of breast implant revisional surgery. It was developed to be a s easy to use as possible for clinicians who may not have experience with imaging analysis platforms. The program was tested on patients who underwent revisional implant surgery and had documented implant volumes and pre-operative breast MRIs. Twenty-two implants were tested in total, including saline and both smooth and textured silicone implants. RESULTS: The software has shown to be highly accurate with an average accuracy of 98.6%. A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.967 was obtained. The software also performed faster than previously proposed methods. CONCLUSION: Plastic surgeons can easily calculate breast implant volume pre-operatively using BreastImplantAnalyzer, which is available to download for free from www.BreastImplantAnalyzer.com or as an extension for the popular medical imaging platform 3D Slicer. PMID:33972201 | DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.068 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Risk and outcome of subsequent malignancies after radioactive iodine treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Risk and outcome of subsequent malignancies after radioactive iodine treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients Via radioactive iodine BMC Cancer. 2021 May 13;21(1):543. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08292-8. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: We identified differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) survivors from SEER registries and performed Poisson regression to calculate the relative risks (RRs) of subsequent malignancies (SMs) by different sites associated with radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, and the attributable risk proportion of RAI for developing different SMs. RESULTS: We identified 4628 of 104,026 DTC patients developin g a SM after two years of their DTC diagnosis, with a medium follow-up time of 113 months. The adjusted RRs of developing SM associated with RAI varied from 0.98 (0.58-1.65) for neurologic SMs to 1.37 (1.13-1.66) for hematologic SMs. The RRs of developing all cancer combined SMs generally increased with age at DTC diagnosis and decreased with the latency time. We estimated that the attributable risk proportion of RAI treatment is only 0.9% for all cancer combined SMs and 20% for hematologic SMs, which is the highest among all SMs. The tumor features and mortalities in patients treated with and without RAI are generally comparable. CONCLUSION: With the large population based analyses, we concluded that a low percentage of DTC survivors would develop SMs during their follow-up. Although the adjusted RR of SMs development increased slightly in patients receiving RAI, the attributable risk proportion associated with RAI was low, suggesting the absolute number of SMs induced by RAI in DTC survivors would be low. The attributable risk proportion of RAI treatment is the highest in hematological SMs, but when in consideration of its low incidence among all DTC survivors, the absolute number of hematological SMs was low. PMID:33980182 | DOI:10.1186/s12885-021-08292-8 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Reduction in Pediatric Ambulatory Adenotonsillectomy Length of Stay Using Clinical Care Guidelines

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Reduction in Pediatric Ambulatory Adenotonsillectomy Length of Stay Using Clinical Care Guidelines Via The Laryngoscope Objective Standardization of postoperative care using clinical care guidelines (CCG) improves quality by minimizing unwarranted variation. It is unknown whether CCGs impact patient throughput in outpatient adenotonsillectomy (T&A). We hypothesize that CCG implementation is associated with decreased postoperative length of stay (LOS) in outpatient T&A. Methods A multidisciplinary team was assembled to design and implement a T&A CCG. Standardized discharge criteria were established, including goal fluid intake and parental demonstration of medication administration. An order set was created that included a hard stop for discharge timeframe with choices "meets criteria," "4‐hour observation," and "overnight stay." Consensus was achieved in June 2018, and the CCG was implemented in October 2018. Postoperative LOS for patients discharged the same day was tracked using control chart analysis with standard definitions for centerline shift being utilized. Trends in discharge timeframe selection were also followed. Results Between July 2015 and August 2017, the average LOS was 4.82 hours. This decreased to 4.39 hours in September 2017 despite no known interventions and remained stable for 17 months. After CCG implementation, an initial trend toward increased LOS was followed by centerline shifts to 3.83 and 3.53 hours in March and October 2019, respectively. Selection of the "meets criteria" discharge timeframe increased over time after CCG implementation (R2 = 0.38 P = .003). Conclusions Implementation of a CCG with standardized discharge criteria was associated with shortened postoperative LOS in outpatient T&A. Concurrently, surgeons shifted practice to discharge patients upon meeting criteria rather than after a designated timeframe. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2021 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Cerebellar tonsillar descent: A diagnostic dilemma between Chiari malformation type 1 and spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Cerebellar tonsillar descent: A diagnostic dilemma between Chiari malformation type 1 and spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak Via leak of cerebrospinal fluid Heliyon. 2021 Apr 19;7(4):e06795. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06795. eCollection 2021 Apr. ABSTRACT Cerebellar tonsillar descent can be seen on head magnetic resonance imaging in both Chiari malformation type 1 and spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak creating the potential for misdiagnosis. We report five cases of spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak at Stanford University initially misdiagnosed and treated as Chiari malformation type 1 based on cerebellar tonsillar descent demonstrated on imaging. All five cases had sustained relief at the 6-month follow up visit from epidural blood patches for the treatment of spinal cerebrospinal leak after unsuccessful suboccipital decompression surgeries. A misdiagnosis of Chiari malformation type 1 in patients with spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak may lead to unnecessary surgeries instead of the less invasive treatment, such as epidural blood patches. It is imperative to consider a spinal cerebrospinal fluid lea k in the differential based on clinical-radiological correlation and not solely on cerebellar tonsillar descent demonstrated on imaging. PMID:33981879 | PMC:PMC8082209 | DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06795 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Standardization for oncologic head and neck surgery

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Standardization for oncologic head and neck surgery Via http://link.springer.com/journal/405,European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology,The European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-06867-6. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The inherent variability in performing specific surgical procedures for head and neck cancer remains a barrier for accurately assessing treatment outcomes, particularly in clinical trials. While non-surgical modalities for cancer therapeutics have evolved to become far more uniform, there remains the challenge to standardize surgery. The purpose of this review is to identify the barriers in achieving uniformity and to highlight efforts by surgical groups to standardize selected operations and nomenclature. While further improvements in standardization will remain a challenge, we must encourage surgical groups to focus on strategies that provide such a level. PMID:33982178 | DOI:10.1007/s00405-021-06867-6 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in hand trauma surgery: A prospective study of efficacy and peri-operative patient experience

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in hand trauma surgery: A prospective study of efficacy and peri-operative patient experience Via Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Apr 17:S1748-6815(21)00210-2. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.106. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:33980460 | DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.106 View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

The Burden of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review and Management Algorithm

xlomafota13 shared this article with you from Inoreader Message: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, formerly known as Corynebacterium hæmolyticum, is a species of bacteria classified as a gram-positive bacillus. It is catalase-negative, aerobic, beta-hemolytic, and not motile. http://www.antimicrobe.org/b78.asp#t3 MICROBIOLOGY Arcanobacterium haemolyticum was first described by MacLean et al. in 1946 (26) as a pathogen in cases of exudative pharyngitis and soft-tissue infections. In 1982 the previously named Corynebacterium haemolyticum was included in a new genus to reflect major differences in cell wall components and chemotaxonomic characters, the genus Arcanobacterium (10). Currently, there are nine identified species within this genus of which A. haemolyticum, A. pyogenes, and A. bernardiae have been recovered from clinical specimens (16). It is a catalase-negative, aerobic, beta-haemolytic, nonmotile, irregular gram-positive to gram-variable rod that may be misidentified as Streptococcus species, Corynebacterium species, or A. pyogenes. Microscopic morphology differentiates A. haemolyticum from Streptococcus species; beta-haemolysis and absence of catalase from Corynebacterium species; and failure to ferment xylose, and reverse CAMP-test from A. pyogenes. Growth is enhanced in a blood enriched medium at 37ºC in the presence of 5-10% CO2. Haemolysis is best observed in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, and on media with human or horse blood. A. haemolyticum exists in a smooth and rough biotypes (7). The smooth biotype predominates in wound infections and the rough biotype in respiratory tract infections. EPIDEMIOLOGY Man is the primary environmental reservoir. Although it has been identified as a commensal of the human pharyngeal flora, isolation from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of asymptomatic patients is infrequently reported. As a cause of pharyngitis the general prevalence is 0.4-1.4%, with a peak of 2.5% in patients aged 15-18 years (8,25). In a recent study it represent 0.35 of all pharyngeal samples and 1.1% of all positive pharyngeal samples. The mean patient age was 16 years (range, 4-32 years), and the highest rate of positivity was during spring (18). In 9 of 55 episodes the patients were coinfected with other organisms, 4 with group A beta-haemolytic streptococci, 4 with group C beta-haemolytic streptococci, and 1 with Epstein-Barr virus (18). back to top CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS A. haemolyticum remains most commonly associated with upper respiratory and skin and soft-tissue infections. Systemic infections are exceedingly rare. This organism has been isolated in throat swabs from patients with pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis, and recurrent throat infections. Clinical features of patients with pharyngitis caused by A. haemolyticum are indistinguishable from those caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. The spectrum of clinical presentation ranges from a mild respiratory illness to a diphtheria-like disease. Infection is most common in adolescents and young adults with a sore throat (8, 25). The cutaneous manifestations of A. haemolyticum pharyngitis are the most salient features of the infection. These manifestations appear unique to pharyngeal infection and have not been described in association with infection in other body sites. Between one third and one half or even more of patients with A. haemolyticum pharyngitis develop a blanching, erythematous, macular, papular rash, frequently described as scarlatiniform (18, 19). This organism has been implicated as a cause of cutaneous and soft tissue infections including chronic ulceration, wound infection, soft tissue abscess and cellulitis (12, 32). In skin infections, it is frequently isolated in association with other microorganisms including Bacteroides spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, group GStreptococcus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum (12, 32). Therefore, the pathogenic significance is difficult to interpret. Lemierre disease, caused by A. haemolyticum alone or associated to F. necrophorum, has been reported (14, 24). It has been implicated rarely in systemic and deep-seated infections, including endocarditis, bacteremia, severe sepsis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, brain abscess, and pneumonia (2, 15, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35). These conditions occur mainly in patients with underlying predisposing diseases like diabetes, alcoholism, or malignant neoplasms. Patients with bacteremia can be classified into two main groups: an older population with underlying immunosupresive conditions (usually malignancy) or with known risk factors for infectious diseases such as diabetes, and a younger population with no known risk factors. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Although A. haemolyticum is a beta-haemolytic organism, the haemolysis is less well defined than that of beta-hemolytic streptococci and may be overlooked in cultures with heavy growth of commensal throat flora. The colony size and degree of hemolysis vary considerably with the types of blood cells, medium bases, and atmosphere used. There are significant differences with regard to the impact of atmosphere, time of incubation, and culture media for isolation. In a study the authors concluded that after 48 hours of incubation trypticase soy agar with 5% horse blood in 5% CO2 was the best medium (17). A. haemolyticum does not produce catalase. Esculin, gelatin, urea, and casein are not hydrolyzed. Acid is produced from glucose, lactose, maltose, and fructose but not from xylose, mannitol, or mannose. It produces DNase and is resistant to bacitracin (<10 mm of inhibition zone diameter with 0.04 U disks). Inhibition of the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus (reverse CAMP test) is useful in its identification. A cross-reaction with group B-streptococci antiserum could be observed. Incubation for 72 hours reveals the organism's colony features: circular, discoid, opaque, and whitish pinpoint colonies, 0.5 mm in diameter, with a narrow zone of complete hemolysis on sheep or horse blood agar. There are commercial systems useful for the diagnosis such as API Coryne (bioMérieux, France) (20). With the use of a 7-McFarland inoculum the results are more optimal (18). MALDI-TOF is a rapid and accurate system for its identification (36). back to top PATHOGENESIS A. haemolyticum produces uncharacterized hemolytic agent(s) and two biochemically defined extracellular products, a neuraminidase, and a phospholipase D genetically and functionally similar to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D. This phospholipase is a lipid-hydrolyzing enzyme that is damaging to mammalian cell membranes, enhances bacterial adhesion and promotes host cell necrosis following invasion, and therefore, may be important in the disease pathogenesis (1, 23). Recently a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, designated arcanolysin, has been identified, and may be a virulence determinant (22). The evidence of the pathogenicity of A. haemolyticum was documented by clinical comparisons of culture-positive patients with pharyngitis vs. that of healthy, matched controls; patients with a throat infection or an exanthema, harboring A. haemolyticum, also produce antibodies to this organism during the acute infection (27). SUSCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO In 2006 the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (9), and in 2014 the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (13) defined standardized methods for susceptibility of Corynebacterium that could be used with A. haemolyticum. In vitro testing of A. haemolyticum isolated from human infections shows that it was generally susceptible to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, clindamycin, rifampin, glycopeptides, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, but resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1, 5, 6). Resistance to tetracycline has been described in 34% of the isolates (18). Reported MICs of penicillin G were between 0.03 and 0.25 mg/l (1, 3). Erythromycin (MIC90, 0.06 mg/l) and clindamycin (MIC90, 0.06 mg/l) shows in general excellent activity (1, 5). Isolates resistant to vancomycin, macrolides, penicillin V, and fluoroquinolones have been reported (1, 30). Bactericidal tests, however, have shown most isolates of A. haemolyticum to be tolerant to penicillin, which may lead to treatment failures (28). Strains of A. haemolyticum were highly susceptible to the bactericidal action of gentamicin (28). Results of time-kill experiments showed that A. haemolyticum was killed slowly by penicillin while gentamicin caused rapid killing (28). In a study by Österlund (29) to explain failures in treatments with penicillin despite in vitro susceptibility, the 12 strains of A. haemolyticum tested were internalized by Hep-2 cells. Four strains were able to survive intracellularly for 4 days, thus creating intracellular reservoirs of bacteria. Erythromycin, a macrolide that penetrates well intracellularly, killed these bacteria. E-test results of susceptibility were in good agreement with those given by the CLSI agar dilution method (4). back to top ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY The optimum antibiotic therapy for infections with A. haemolyticum has yet to be determined. The course of untreated A. haemolyticum pharyngitis is poorly described. A standardized treatment protocol has not been developed. Resolution of symptoms within 3 days after initiation of penicillin therapy has been reported, but reports of clinical and microbiological failures also exist (3). Österlund has proposed that the mechanism of penicillin treatment failure could be the survival of intracellularly residing bacteria (29). For pharyngitis, erythromycin should be the considered the antibiotic of first choice and penicillin G, an alternative. Recommendations for invasive infection are based on clinical experience, on the site of infection, and in vitro susceptibility studies (31, 33). The treatment regimens reported include penicillin, with or without gentamicin, as well as erythromycin. Most cases responded well to intravenously administered penicillin. First-line therapy with intravenous penicillin is optimal due to low rates of resistance in this organism, the rapid bactericidal effects of this agent, and their ability to achieve adequate tissue concentrations for use in a variety of systemic infections. However, in seriously ill patients, penicillin G in combination with gentamicin might be preferable. Macrolides (eg. erythromycin, azithromycin) are a reasonable second-line option, although these agents are bacteriostatic and distributed extensively into the tissues, which may limit their effectiveness in cases of bacteremia. Alternative therapies include vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, and clindamycin. Broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics as well as clindamycin and macrolides should be equally good choices. In cases where the site of infection may prevent adequate drug penetration, such as endocarditis and osteomyelitis, macrolides or clindamycin in combination with rifampin might be preferable to beta-lactam antibiotics. ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY Surgery and drainage are indicated for some soft tissue infections (15). ENDPOINTS FOR MONITORING THERAPY For cutaneous infection, clinical signs of resolution are probably more important than bacteriologic monitoring. For invasive infections and bacteremia, however, a poor clinical response is an indication for repeat cultures; antibiotics with intracellular penetration may be preferred if cultures remain positive. VACCINES There are no vaccines available. back to top REFERENCES 1. Almuzara MN, de Mier C, Barberis CM, Mattera J, Famiglietti A, Vay C. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum identification and susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002;8:828-9. [PubMed] 2. Alós JI, Barros C, Gómez-Garcés JL. Endocarditis caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;14:1085-88. [PubMed] 3. Banck G, Nyman M. Tonsillitis and rash associated with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1986;154:1037-40.[PubMed] 4. Carlson P. Comparison of the E test and agar dilution methods for susceptibility testing of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:891-3. [PubMed] 5. Carlson P, Kontiainen S, Renkonen OV. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:142-3. [PubMed] 6. Carlson P, Korpela J, Walder M, Nyman M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and biotypes of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum blood isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:915-7. [PubMed] 7. Carlson P, Lounatmaa K, Kontiainen S. Biotypes of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1654-57.[PubMed] 8. Carlson P, Renkonen OV, Kontiainen S. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:283-7. [PubMed] 9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequenly isolated or fastidious bacteria; approved guideline. CLSI document M45-A. CLSI, Pennsylvania, USA. 2006. 10. Collins MD, Jones D, Schofield GM. Reclassification of Corynebacterium haemolyticum in the genus Arcanobacterium gen. nov. as Arcanobacterium haemolyticum nom. rev., comb. nov. J Gen Microbiol 1982;128:1279-81. [PubMed] 11.Cuevas WA, Songer JG. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum phospholipase D is genetically and functionally similar to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D. Infect Immun 1993;61:4310-6. [PubMed] 12. Dobinsky S, Noesselt T, Rücker A, Maerker J, Mack D. Three cases of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum associated with abscess formation and cellulitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:804-6. [PubMed] 13. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 4.0. http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/Breakpoint_table_v_4.0.pdf 14. Fernández-Suárez A, Benítez JM, Vidal AM, Iglesias JM. Lemierre's syndrome and septicaemia caused solely by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in a young immunocompetent patient. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58:1645-8. [PubMed] 15. Ford JG, Yeatts RP, Givner LB. Orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, sinusitis, and septicemia caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:261-2. [PubMed] 16. Funke G, Bernard KA. Coryneform Gram-positive rods. In: Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Warnock DW. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th ed. 2011. ASM Press. 17. García de la Fuente C, Campo-Esquisabel AB, Unda F, Ruíz de Alegría C, Benito N, Martínez-Martínez L. Comparison of different culture media and growth conditions for recognition of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;61:232-4. [PubMed] 18. García-de-la-Fuente C, Ruiz De Alegría C, Cano ME, Campo AB, Unda F, Agüero J, Martínez-Martínez L. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolated from clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;72:1-7. [PubMed] 19. Gaston DA, Zurowski SM. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngitis exanthem. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:61-4.[PubMed] 20. Gavin SE, Leonard SB, Briselden AM, Coyle MB. Evaluation of the rapid CORYNE identification system for Corynebacterium species and other coryneforms. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1692-5. [PubMed] 21. Hedman K, Brauner A. Septicaemia caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum smooth type in an immunocompetent patient. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:1328-9. [PubMed] 22. 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Nyman M, Alugupalli KR, Strömberg S, Forsgren A. Antibody response to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection in humans. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1515-18. [PubMed] 28. Nyman M, Banck G, Thore M. Penicillin tolerance in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1990;161:261-5.[PubMed] 29. Österlund A. Are penicillin treatment failures in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngotonsillitis caused by intracellularly residing bacteria? Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:131-4. [PubMed] 30. Power EG, Abdulla YH, Talsania HG, Spice W, Aathithan S, French GL. vanA genes in vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Oerskovia turbata and Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) haemolyticum. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36:595-606. [PubMed] 31. Skov RL, Sanden AK, Danchell VH, Robertsen K, Ejlertsen T. Systemic and deep-seated infections caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;17:578-82. [PubMed] 32. Tan TY, Ng SY, Thomas H, Chan BK. 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Identification of clinically relevant Corynebacterium spp., Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococcus equi by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:1745-7. [PubMed] The Burden of <em>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</em> Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review and Management Algorithm Via International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Publication date: Available online 13 May 2021 Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Author(s): Edouard Sayad, Cynthia Abou Zeid, Rayan EL. Hajjar, Nicolo L. Cabrera, Rasha Abi Radi Abou Jaoudeh, Alexandre E. Malek View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.