Eteplirsen Approved for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: The FDA Faces a Difficult Choice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1884 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.188
Author: Cy A Stein
http://ift.tt/2h0EglI
Cancer Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
Δευτέρα 5 Δεκεμβρίου 2016
In Vivo Gene Delivery to Lymph Node Stromal Cells Leads to Transgene-specific CD8+ T Cell Anergy in Mice
In Vivo Gene Delivery to Lymph Node Stromal Cells Leads to Transgene-specific CD8+ T Cell Anergy in Mice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1965 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.168
Authors: Séverine Ciré, Sylvie Da Rocha, Maxime Ferrand, Mary K Collins & Anne Galy
http://ift.tt/2gKwFcX
Type I Interferons Interfere with the Capacity of mRNA Lipoplex Vaccines to Elicit Cytolytic T Cell Responses
Type I Interferons Interfere with the Capacity of mRNA Lipoplex Vaccines to Elicit Cytolytic T Cell Responses
Molecular Therapy 24, 2012 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.161
Authors: Ans De Beuckelaer, Charlotte Pollard, Sandra Van Lint, Kenny Roose, Lien Van Hoecke, Thomas Naessens, Vimal Kumar Udhayakumar, Muriel Smet, Niek Sanders, Stefan Lienenklaus, Xavier Saelens, Siegfried Weiss, Guido Vanham, Johan Grooten & Stefaan De Koker
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Dual Therapeutic Action of a Neutralizing Anti-FGF2 Aptamer in Bone Disease and Bone Cancer Pain
Dual Therapeutic Action of a Neutralizing Anti-FGF2 Aptamer in Bone Disease and Bone Cancer Pain
Molecular Therapy 24, 1974 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.158
Authors: Ling Jin, Yosuke Nonaka, Shin Miyakawa, Masatoshi Fujiwara & Yoshikazu Nakamura
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Eteplirsen Approved for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: The FDA Faces a Difficult Choice
Eteplirsen Approved for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: The FDA Faces a Difficult Choice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1884 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.188
Author: Cy A Stein
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GDF11 Protects against Endothelial Injury and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice
GDF11 Protects against Endothelial Injury and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1926 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.160
Authors: Wen Mei, Guangda Xiang, Yixiang Li, Huan Li, Lingwei Xiang, Junyan Lu, Lin Xiang, Jing Dong & Min Liu
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In This Issue
In This Issue
Molecular Therapy 24, 1886 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.189
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Dual Therapeutic Action of a Neutralizing Anti-FGF2 Aptamer in Bone Disease and Bone Cancer Pain
Dual Therapeutic Action of a Neutralizing Anti-FGF2 Aptamer in Bone Disease and Bone Cancer Pain
Molecular Therapy 24, 1974 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.158
Authors: Ling Jin, Yosuke Nonaka, Shin Miyakawa, Masatoshi Fujiwara & Yoshikazu Nakamura
http://ift.tt/2h0F6Pv
Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Molecular Therapy 24, 2021 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.123
Authors: Donatella Negri, Maria Blasi, Celia LaBranche, Robert Parks, Harikrishnan Balachandran, Michelle Lifton, Xiaoying Shen, Thomas Denny, Guido Ferrari, Maria Fenicia Vescio, Hanne Andersen, David C Montefiori, Georgia D Tomaras, Hua-Xin Liao, Sampa Santra, Barton F Haynes, Mary E Klotman & Andrea Cara
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Research Highlights
Research Highlights
Molecular Therapy 24, 1887 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.190
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GDF11 Protects against Endothelial Injury and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice
GDF11 Protects against Endothelial Injury and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1926 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.160
Authors: Wen Mei, Guangda Xiang, Yixiang Li, Huan Li, Lingwei Xiang, Junyan Lu, Lin Xiang, Jing Dong & Min Liu
http://ift.tt/2h0KthA
Adaptive Immune Response Impairs the Efficacy of Autologous Transplantation of Engineered Stem Cells in Dystrophic Dogs
Adaptive Immune Response Impairs the Efficacy of Autologous Transplantation of Engineered Stem Cells in Dystrophic Dogs
Molecular Therapy 24, 1949 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.163
Authors: Clementina Sitzia, Andrea Farini, Luciana Jardim, Paola Razini, Marzia Belicchi, Letizia Cassinelli, Chiara Villa, Silvia Erratico, Daniele Parolini, Pamela Bella, Joao Carlos da Silva Bizario, Luis Garcia, Marcelo Dias-Baruffi, Mirella Meregalli & Yvan Torrente
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In This Issue
In This Issue
Molecular Therapy 24, 1886 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.189
http://ift.tt/2h0DViS
Gene Editing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: The Importance of Fine-tuning the Approach
Gene Editing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: The Importance of Fine-tuning the Approach
Molecular Therapy 24, 1888 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.191
Authors: Jacques P Tremblay, Jean-Paul Iyombe-Engembe, Benjamin Duchêne & Dominique L Ouellet
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Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Molecular Therapy 24, 2021 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.123
Authors: Donatella Negri, Maria Blasi, Celia LaBranche, Robert Parks, Harikrishnan Balachandran, Michelle Lifton, Xiaoying Shen, Thomas Denny, Guido Ferrari, Maria Fenicia Vescio, Hanne Andersen, David C Montefiori, Georgia D Tomaras, Hua-Xin Liao, Sampa Santra, Barton F Haynes, Mary E Klotman & Andrea Cara
http://ift.tt/2h0AbOr
Contributions of Mouse and Human Hematopoietic Cells to Remodeling of the Adult Auditory Nerve After Neuron Loss
Contributions of Mouse and Human Hematopoietic Cells to Remodeling of the Adult Auditory Nerve After Neuron Loss
Molecular Therapy 24, 2000 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.174
Authors: Hainan Lang, Eishi Nishimoto, Yazhi Xing, LaShardai N Brown, Kenyaria V Noble, Jeremy L Barth, Amanda C LaRue, Kiyoshi Ando & Bradley A Schulte
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Research Highlights
Research Highlights
Molecular Therapy 24, 1887 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.190
http://ift.tt/2h0Gr92
Prevention of Muscle Wasting by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Disruption of Myostatin In Vivo
Prevention of Muscle Wasting by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Disruption of Myostatin In Vivo
Molecular Therapy 24, 1889 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.192
Authors: Yuda Wei, Yanhao Chen, Yan Qiu, Huan Zhao, Gaigai Liu, Yongxian Zhang, Qingyang Meng, Guohao Wu, Yixiong Chen, Xiaolong Cai, Hui Wang, Hao Ying, Bin Zhou, Mingyao Liu, Dali Li & Qiurong Ding
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Adaptive Immune Response Impairs the Efficacy of Autologous Transplantation of Engineered Stem Cells in Dystrophic Dogs
Adaptive Immune Response Impairs the Efficacy of Autologous Transplantation of Engineered Stem Cells in Dystrophic Dogs
Molecular Therapy 24, 1949 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.163
Authors: Clementina Sitzia, Andrea Farini, Luciana Jardim, Paola Razini, Marzia Belicchi, Letizia Cassinelli, Chiara Villa, Silvia Erratico, Daniele Parolini, Pamela Bella, Joao Carlos da Silva Bizario, Luis Garcia, Marcelo Dias-Baruffi, Mirella Meregalli & Yvan Torrente
http://ift.tt/2gKCTtp
The EMA Framework of Collaboration With Academic Stakeholders
The EMA Framework of Collaboration With Academic Stakeholders
Molecular Therapy 24, 1883 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.187
Authors: Anton Ussi & Giovanni Migliaccio
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Gene Editing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: The Importance of Fine-tuning the Approach
Gene Editing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: The Importance of Fine-tuning the Approach
Molecular Therapy 24, 1888 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.191
Authors: Jacques P Tremblay, Jean-Paul Iyombe-Engembe, Benjamin Duchêne & Dominique L Ouellet
http://ift.tt/2gKHR9s
Devouring the Hematopoietic Stem Cell: Setting the Table for Marrow Cell Transplantation
Devouring the Hematopoietic Stem Cell: Setting the Table for Marrow Cell Transplantation
Molecular Therapy 24, 1892 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.193
Authors: Morton J Cowan & Hans-Peter Kiem
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Contributions of Mouse and Human Hematopoietic Cells to Remodeling of the Adult Auditory Nerve After Neuron Loss
Contributions of Mouse and Human Hematopoietic Cells to Remodeling of the Adult Auditory Nerve After Neuron Loss
Molecular Therapy 24, 2000 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.174
Authors: Hainan Lang, Eishi Nishimoto, Yazhi Xing, LaShardai N Brown, Kenyaria V Noble, Jeremy L Barth, Amanda C LaRue, Kiyoshi Ando & Bradley A Schulte
http://ift.tt/2gKJlQX
Viral Vector-Based Targeting of miR-21 in Cardiac Nonmyocyte Cells Reduces Pathologic Remodeling of the Heart
Viral Vector-Based Targeting of miR-21 in Cardiac Nonmyocyte Cells Reduces Pathologic Remodeling of the Heart
Molecular Therapy 24, 1939 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.166
Authors: Deepak Ramanujam, Yassine Sassi, Bernhard Laggerbauer & Stefan Engelhardt
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Prevention of Muscle Wasting by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Disruption of Myostatin In Vivo
Prevention of Muscle Wasting by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Disruption of Myostatin In Vivo
Molecular Therapy 24, 1889 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.192
Authors: Yuda Wei, Yanhao Chen, Yan Qiu, Huan Zhao, Gaigai Liu, Yongxian Zhang, Qingyang Meng, Guohao Wu, Yixiong Chen, Xiaolong Cai, Hui Wang, Hao Ying, Bin Zhou, Mingyao Liu, Dali Li & Qiurong Ding
http://ift.tt/2gKzOcC
A New Agent in the Strategy to Cure AIDS
A New Agent in the Strategy to Cure AIDS
Molecular Therapy 24, 1894 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.194
Author: John A Zaia
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The EMA Framework of Collaboration With Academic Stakeholders
The EMA Framework of Collaboration With Academic Stakeholders
Molecular Therapy 24, 1883 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.187
Authors: Anton Ussi & Giovanni Migliaccio
http://ift.tt/2gKCSp5
In Vivo Gene Delivery to Lymph Node Stromal Cells Leads to Transgene-specific CD8+ T Cell Anergy in Mice
In Vivo Gene Delivery to Lymph Node Stromal Cells Leads to Transgene-specific CD8+ T Cell Anergy in Mice
Molecular Therapy 24, 1965 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.168
Authors: Séverine Ciré, Sylvie Da Rocha, Maxime Ferrand, Mary K Collins & Anne Galy
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Devouring the Hematopoietic Stem Cell: Setting the Table for Marrow Cell Transplantation
Devouring the Hematopoietic Stem Cell: Setting the Table for Marrow Cell Transplantation
Molecular Therapy 24, 1892 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.193
Authors: Morton J Cowan & Hans-Peter Kiem
http://ift.tt/2gKGmrX
The Toughest Nut to Crack: Will We Ever Have a Preventive and Effective HIV-1 Vaccine?
The Toughest Nut to Crack: Will We Ever Have a Preventive and Effective HIV-1 Vaccine?
Molecular Therapy 24, 1896 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.195
Author: Zwi N Berneman
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Viral Vector-Based Targeting of miR-21 in Cardiac Nonmyocyte Cells Reduces Pathologic Remodeling of the Heart
Viral Vector-Based Targeting of miR-21 in Cardiac Nonmyocyte Cells Reduces Pathologic Remodeling of the Heart
Molecular Therapy 24, 1939 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.166
Authors: Deepak Ramanujam, Yassine Sassi, Bernhard Laggerbauer & Stefan Engelhardt
http://ift.tt/2gKMZdQ
Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy
Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy
Molecular Therapy 24, 1987 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.149
Authors: Jenessa B Smith, Evripidis Lanitis, Denarda Dangaj, Elizabeth Buza, Mathilde Poussin, Caitlin Stashwick, Nathalie Scholler & Daniel J Powell
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A New Agent in the Strategy to Cure AIDS
A New Agent in the Strategy to Cure AIDS
Molecular Therapy 24, 1894 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.194
Author: John A Zaia
http://ift.tt/2gKzM4u
Therapeutic Potential of Immunoproteasome Inhibition in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Therapeutic Potential of Immunoproteasome Inhibition in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Molecular Therapy 24, 1898 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.162
Authors: Andrea Farini, Clementina Sitzia, Barbara Cassani, Letizia Cassinelli, Rosita Rigoni, Federica Colleoni, Nicola Fusco, Stefano Gatti, Pamela Bella, Chiara Villa, Filomena Napolitano, Rita Maiavacca, Silvano Bosari, Anna Villa & Yvan Torrente
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The Toughest Nut to Crack: Will We Ever Have a Preventive and Effective HIV-1 Vaccine?
The Toughest Nut to Crack: Will We Ever Have a Preventive and Effective HIV-1 Vaccine?
Molecular Therapy 24, 1896 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.195
Author: Zwi N Berneman
http://ift.tt/2gKGfwl
Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy
Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy
Molecular Therapy 24, 1987 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.149
Authors: Jenessa B Smith, Evripidis Lanitis, Denarda Dangaj, Elizabeth Buza, Mathilde Poussin, Caitlin Stashwick, Nathalie Scholler & Daniel J Powell
http://ift.tt/2gKKok0
Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors
Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors
Molecular Therapy 24, 1913 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.114
Authors: Hongbing Yang, Sandrine Buisson, Giovanna Bossi, Zoë Wallace, Gemma Hancock, Chun So, Rebecca Ashfield, Annelise Vuidepot, Tara Mahon, Peter Molloy, Joanne Oates, Samantha J Paston, Milos Aleksic, Namir J Hassan, Bent K Jakobsen & Lucy Dorrell
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Therapeutic Potential of Immunoproteasome Inhibition in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Therapeutic Potential of Immunoproteasome Inhibition in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Molecular Therapy 24, 1898 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.162
Authors: Andrea Farini, Clementina Sitzia, Barbara Cassani, Letizia Cassinelli, Rosita Rigoni, Federica Colleoni, Nicola Fusco, Stefano Gatti, Pamela Bella, Chiara Villa, Filomena Napolitano, Rita Maiavacca, Silvano Bosari, Anna Villa & Yvan Torrente
http://ift.tt/2gKCDud
Type I Interferons Interfere with the Capacity of mRNA Lipoplex Vaccines to Elicit Cytolytic T Cell Responses
Type I Interferons Interfere with the Capacity of mRNA Lipoplex Vaccines to Elicit Cytolytic T Cell Responses
Molecular Therapy 24, 2012 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.161
Authors: Ans De Beuckelaer, Charlotte Pollard, Sandra Van Lint, Kenny Roose, Lien Van Hoecke, Thomas Naessens, Vimal Kumar Udhayakumar, Muriel Smet, Niek Sanders, Stefan Lienenklaus, Xavier Saelens, Siegfried Weiss, Guido Vanham, Johan Grooten & Stefaan De Koker
http://ift.tt/2gKDzz2
Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors
Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors
Molecular Therapy 24, 1913 (November 2016). doi:10.1038/mt.2016.114
Authors: Hongbing Yang, Sandrine Buisson, Giovanna Bossi, Zoë Wallace, Gemma Hancock, Chun So, Rebecca Ashfield, Annelise Vuidepot, Tara Mahon, Peter Molloy, Joanne Oates, Samantha J Paston, Milos Aleksic, Namir J Hassan, Bent K Jakobsen & Lucy Dorrell
http://ift.tt/2gKGoQH
Acidic tumor microenvironment abrogates the efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors
Abstract
Background
Blocking the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) with chemical inhibitors such as rapamycin has shown limited clinical efficacy in cancer. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by an acidic pH which interferes with cancer therapies. The consequences of acidity on the anti-cancer efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors have not been characterized and are thus the focus of our study.
Methods
Cancer cell lines were treated with rapamycin in acidic or physiological conditions and cell proliferation was investigated. The effect of acidity on mTORC1 activity was determined by Western blot. The anticancer efficacy of rapamycin in combination with sodium bicarbonate to increase the intratumoral pH was tested in two different mouse models and compared to rapamycin treatment alone. Histological analysis was performed on tumor samples to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis.
Results
Exposing cancer cells to acidic pH in vitro significantly reduced the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. At the molecular level, acidity significantly decreased mTORC1 activity, suggesting that cancer cell proliferation is independent of mTORC1 in acidic conditions. In contrast, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or AKT were not affected by acidity, and blocking MAPK or AKT with a chemical inhibitor maintained an anti-proliferative effect at low pH. In tumor mouse models, the use of sodium bicarbonate increased mTORC1 activity in cancer cells and potentiated the anti-cancer efficacy of rapamycin. Combining sodium bicarbonate with rapamycin resulted in increased tumor necrosis, increased cancer cell apoptosis and decreased cancer cell proliferation as compared to single treatment.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results emphasize the inefficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors in acidic conditions. They further highlight the potential of combining sodium bicarbonate with mTORC1 inhibitors to improve their anti-tumoral efficacy.
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Acidic tumor microenvironment abrogates the efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors
Abstract
Background
Blocking the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) with chemical inhibitors such as rapamycin has shown limited clinical efficacy in cancer. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by an acidic pH which interferes with cancer therapies. The consequences of acidity on the anti-cancer efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors have not been characterized and are thus the focus of our study.
Methods
Cancer cell lines were treated with rapamycin in acidic or physiological conditions and cell proliferation was investigated. The effect of acidity on mTORC1 activity was determined by Western blot. The anticancer efficacy of rapamycin in combination with sodium bicarbonate to increase the intratumoral pH was tested in two different mouse models and compared to rapamycin treatment alone. Histological analysis was performed on tumor samples to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis.
Results
Exposing cancer cells to acidic pH in vitro significantly reduced the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. At the molecular level, acidity significantly decreased mTORC1 activity, suggesting that cancer cell proliferation is independent of mTORC1 in acidic conditions. In contrast, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or AKT were not affected by acidity, and blocking MAPK or AKT with a chemical inhibitor maintained an anti-proliferative effect at low pH. In tumor mouse models, the use of sodium bicarbonate increased mTORC1 activity in cancer cells and potentiated the anti-cancer efficacy of rapamycin. Combining sodium bicarbonate with rapamycin resulted in increased tumor necrosis, increased cancer cell apoptosis and decreased cancer cell proliferation as compared to single treatment.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results emphasize the inefficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors in acidic conditions. They further highlight the potential of combining sodium bicarbonate with mTORC1 inhibitors to improve their anti-tumoral efficacy.
http://ift.tt/2hamLOU
Controlling for Informed Presence Bias Due to the Number of Health Encounters in an Electronic Health Record
Electronic health records (EHRs) are an increasingly utilized resource for clinical research. While their size allows for many analytical opportunities, as with most observational data there is also the potential for bias. One of the key sources of bias in EHRs is what we term informed presence—the notion that inclusion in an EHR is not random but rather indicates that the subject is ill, making people in EHRs systematically different from those not in EHRs. In this article, we use simulated and empirical data to illustrate the conditions under which such bias can arise and how conditioning on the number of health-care encounters can be one way to remove this bias. In doing so, we also show when such an approach can impart M bias, or bias from conditioning on a collider. Finally, we explore the conditions under which number of medical encounters can serve as a proxy for general health. We apply these methods to an EHR data set from a university medical center covering the years 2007–2013.
http://ift.tt/2gsCCIw
Longitudinal Examination of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Long-Term Outcome of Iraq War Deployment
The mental health toll of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars on military veterans has been considerable, yet little is known about the persistence of these adverse outcomes, especially relative to predeployment status. We prospectively examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a long-term consequence of warzone deployment, integrating data collected from 2003–2014. In the Neurocognition Deployment Health Study, we measured PTSD symptoms in US Army soldiers before and shortly after Iraq War deployment. We used the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version and a structured clinical interview (i.e., Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) to reassess PTSD in 598 service members and military veterans a median of 7.9 years (interquartile range, 7.2–8.5 years) after an index Iraq deployment. At long-term follow-up, 24.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 21.5, 28.4) of participants met the case definition for PTSD, which was an absolute increase of 14.2% from the percentage assessed postdeployment (10.5%; 95% CI: 7.8, 13.7) and of 17.3% from the percentage assessed predeployment (7.4%; 95% CI: 5.5, 9.8). These findings highlight that PTSD is an enduring consequence of warzone participation among contemporary military personnel and veterans. The largest increase in PTSD cases occurred between the postdeployment and long-term follow-up assessments, which suggests that adverse stress reactions cannot necessarily be expected to dissipate over time and actually may increase.
http://ift.tt/2gGzI62
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