Purpose: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and immunobiological correlates of allogeneic NK cell-based therapy in primary chemotherapy-refractory or relapsed high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), secondary AML (MDS/AML), and de novo AML patients. Experimental design: Sixteen patients received fludarabine/cyclophosphamide conditioning combined with total lymphoid irradiation followed by adoptive immunotherapy with IL-2-activated haploidentical NK cells. Results: NK cell infusions were well tolerated with only transient adverse events observed in the 16 patients. Six patients achieved objective responses with complete remission (CR), marrow CR or partial remission (PR). Five patients proceeded to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Three patients are still free from disease >3 years after treatment. All evaluable patients with objective responses (5/5 evaluable) had detectable donor NK cells at days 7/14 following infusion, and displayed reduction of tumor cell clones, some of which carried poor prognosis mutations. Residual lin-CD34+CD123+CD45RA+ blast cells in responders had increased total HLA class I- and HLA-E-expression. Responding patients displayed less pronounced activation of CD8+ T cells and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines following NK cell infusion. Intriguingly, despite omission of systemic IL-2, all patients displayed increased frequencies of activated Ki-67+CD127-FoxP3+CD25hiCD4+ Treg cells of recipient-origin following NK cell therapy. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests that high-risk MDS is responsive to NK cell therapy and supports the use of haploidentical NK cell infusions as a bridge to HSCT in refractory patients. Objective clinical responses and reduction of high-risk clones was associated with detectable donor-derived NK cells, immunoediting of residual blast cells, and less pronounced host immune activation.
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