Metastasis of cancer: when and how?

Despite encouraging advances in both local and systemic treatment over the past two decades, cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Metastasis, a process of cancer cells spreading from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and to distant organs is the primary cause of cancer mortality. It is estimated that metastasis is responsible for ∼90% of cancer deaths [1]. This has not changed much in the past half century [2]. Understanding metastases is critical to improving cancer patient outcomes. Although metastasis equates to late stage cancer clinically, when the process begins and how metastasis occurs is largely unknown.

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